On 21 March 2022, the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC), hosted two regional webinars on Evidentiary Hearings and the Discipline of Firearm and Tool Mark Examination with twelve CARICOM States. The purpose of the webinar was to discuss the scientific underpinnings and legal evidentiary standards that are key to admitting firearm and toolmark evidence in courts of law.
In developing a strategy for dealing with evidentiary hearings related to firearm and toolmark examination, two issues were discussed. Firstly, do different tools create different toolmarks and does the same tool create similar toolmarks? Secondly, can an examiner reliably discern the similarities and differences in order to render accurate common source determinations? In addition to those foundational issues explored at the webinar, other key concepts such as the theory of identification were highlighted, to sensitize regional firearm and toolmark examiners and other officials on the evidentiary hurdles which they have to overcome in (primarily) Daubert hearings, or related hearings in Caribbean jurisdictions. In this regard, several relevant court cases were examined which served as real-world examples of firearm and tool mark related testimony and based on which it was reasoned that examiners need to be held to higher standards with respect to their work and the presentation of that work in the courts.
A total of 155 national officials, including 48 women, from Ministries of National Security, Police Forces, Forensic Laboratories, Intelligence Agencies, Prosecuting Agencies and Public Defender’s offices, Ministries of Attorney General and Academia participated. The webinars saw attendance from Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.
The webinars were carried out in line with the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms and Sustainable Development Goal 16 and target 16.4, and contribute towards the implementation of Goal 3 of the Caribbean Firearms Roadmap which seeks to “Bolster law enforcement capacity to combat illicit firearms and ammunition trafficking and their illicit possession and misuse”.
The webinars were sponsored by the United States and Canada, respectively, and form part of a series of regional thematic webinars organized and delivered by UNLIREC to prevent and combat illicit firearms and ammunition trafficking in the region.
UNLIREC, as the regional office of the UN Office for Disarmament, seeks to advance the cause of practical disarmament in Latin America and the Caribbean as part of its commitment to support Member States in their implementation of international disarmament and non-proliferation instruments, in particular, the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.
From 21 to 31 March 2022, the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC) delivered its Interdicting Small Arms, Ammunition, Parts and Components (ISAAPC) course in hybrid format in Grenada. Twenty-nine (29) officials, including 12 women, from Grenada Customs and Excise Division, Royal Grenada Police Force and Grenada Airport Authority actively participated in the course. This course was delivered to officials in Grenada for the first time.
The ISAAPC course forms part of the technical assistance provided by UNLIREC within its ‘Securing Borders and Preventing and Combating Illicit Trafficking of Firearms and Ammunition’ project. The specialized course aims to strengthen the capacities of States to combat and prevent the illicit trafficking of small arms, ammunition and explosives that is carried out through postal shipments, packages, parcels and luggage at entry, exit, and transit points in the country.
Based on a mix of theory and practical elements, participants were trained on the fundamental aspects of X-ray technology, technical specifications of small arms, their parts and components, ammunition, explosives, and less lethal weapons. The course also included an interactive session on concealment methods being employed by traffickers in the region. Furthermore, participants received practical training on an X-ray simulation programme developed by the Centre for Adaptive Security Research and Applications (CASRA), thereby enhancing and developing their capacities to detect illicit trafficking through X-ray scanners.
This specialized course, developed in line with 2001 UN Porgramme of Action on Small Arms, Arms Trade Treaty and Sustainable Development Goal target 16.4, contributes towards regional efforts to prevent illicit trafficking of firearms and ammunition, thereby reducing firearms-related crimes and armed violence in the Caribbean. This course also contributes to Goal 2 of the Caribbean Firearms Roadmap under the title ‘Reduce the illicit flow of firearms and ammunition into, within and beyond the region’.
The implementation of the ISAAPC course was made possible with the financial support from the Government of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The workshop, aimed at investigators, prosecutorial and public defense agencies, judicial officers, legal officers and policy personnel, showcased several approaches to firearms identification, covering topics such as firearms and ammunition identification; comparative pattern analysis; ballistic imaging; shooting reconstruction; and court testimony.
Firearm identification and examination involve the analysis of firearm-related evidence. While this typically includes comparing firearms and fired bullets and cartridge cases to determine if those bullets or cartridge cases could have been fired from the firearm, it can and usually does, involve much more. The workshop explored the examination of firearms to determine if they are functional or modified to function in a way that was not intended by the manufacturer. It also covered the restoration of serial numbers that have been obliterated from the firearms, often stolen, to prevent the tracing of the firearm which would allow law enforcement agencies to identify the last known point of possession. Another key area presented was the process of examining fired bullets or cartridge cases from a crime scene to compare them with any recovered, unfired ammunition. Shooting reconstructions are also a relatively common process that was touched upon, which provides information that can corroborate or refute various accounts of a shooting. And importantly, the use of ballistic imaging technology, which involves the imaging of fired bullets a from crime scenes to be searched against a database of like entries to determine the potential that the same firearm was used at other shooting scenes, was also explored.
One hundred and twenty officials, including seventy-four women, from the Judiciary, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Public Defenders Department, Ministry of National Security, Police Service, Forensic Science Centre, Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs, Strategic Services Agency and Police Complaints Authority participated in the workshop.
The Firearms Identification Workshop contributes towards the implementation of Goal 3 of the Caribbean Firearms Roadmap, Bolster law enforcement capacity to combat illicit firearms and ammunition trafficking and their illicit possession and misuse, and ammunition, and ultimately reducing firearms-related crimes and armed violence in the Caribbean. The course was made possible with the financial support of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
UNLIREC, as the regional centre of the UN Office for Disarmament, seeks to advance the cause of practical disarmament in Latin America and the Caribbean as part of its commitment to support Member States in their implementation of international disarmament and non-proliferation instruments, in particular, the Programme of Action on Small Arms.
From 14 to 18 March 2022, the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC), carried out technical assessments for government armoury facilities in Antigua and Barbuda and Grenada.
During the in-person mission, UNLIREC advisors reviewed the weapons and ammunition management practices of selected facilities, in accordance with international guidelines including the United Nations Modular Small-arms-control Implementation Compendium (MOSAIC) and the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG).This technical assistance aims to strengthen the physical security and stockpile management practices in both States, to ultimately prevent diversion of weapons and ammunition from State arsenals into illicit markets.
National authorities from the Royal Police Force of Antigua and Barbuda, the Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force, as well as the Office of National Drug and Money Laundering Control Policy facilitated site visits from 14 to 16 March, while the Royal Grenada Police Force, Special Service Unit and Her Majesty’s Prison of Grenada facilitated visits during 17 and 18 March.
With national authorities and officials from Grenada (Special Service Unit and Royal Grenada Police Force)
UNLIREC also met with government representatives to coordinate future activities in line with the Caribbean Firearms Roadmap and the respective National Action Plans for each State. This assistance was made possible with the financial support of the government of Canada.
UNLIREC, as the regional office of the UN Office for Disarmament, seeks to advance the cause of practical disarmament in Latin America and the Caribbean as part of its commitment to support Member States in their implementation of international disarmament and non-proliferation instruments, in particular, the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.
From 7 – 10 March, the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC), delivered a Cartridge Case Triage Course in Trinidad and Tobago.
One of the critical components of a successful preventive crime gun intelligence program is comprehensive data collection of firearm-related evidence and rapid dissemination of results. The cornerstone of such a program is ballistic imaging technology. To maximize the effectiveness of such technology it is essential that fired cartridge cases from crime scenes and recovered firearms be acquired quickly with as few replicates as possible, which will dilute the database, reducing its effectiveness. A recognized process to accomplish this is to triage the multiple recovered cartridge cases for purposes of maximizing effectiveness and efficiency.
The course objective was to familiarize the participants with marking and class characteristics present on cartridge cases; assess the cartridge cases using a stereo microscope; sort the cartridge cases in sample groups of similar characteristics; and prioritize cartridge cases to be entered into the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS).
Twenty-two officials, including ten women, from the Trinidad and Tobago Forensic Science Centre and Police Service participated in the training. The course consisted of a theoretical presentation by UNLIREC, followed by group work to assess and sort 75 double cast cartridge case replicas, using a stereo microscope and subsequently prioritize the cartridge cases to be entered into IBIS. The participants successfully prioritized firearms to be entered into IBIS.
The Cartridge Case Triage course contributes towards the implementation of Goal 3 of the Caribbean Firearms Roadmap, Bolster law enforcement capacity to combat illicit firearms and ammunition trafficking and their illicit possession and misuse, and ammunition, and ultimately reducing firearms-related crimes and armed violence in the Caribbean. The course was made possible thanks to support of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
UNLIREC, as the regional organ of the UN Office for Disarmament, seeks to advance the cause of practical disarmament in Latin America and the Caribbean as part of its commitment to support Member States in their implementation of international disarmament and non-proliferation instruments, in particular, the 2001 UN Programme of Action on Small Arms.
On Tuesday 1 March 2022, the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNLIREC), in collaboration with the Directorate of Security and Defence of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru, held the webinar “Measures to prevent armed violence against women”.
There were 523 participants (62% women) from different public agencies with competencies in the subject matter: Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations, Ministry of the Interior, National Superintendence for the Control of Security Services, Arms, Ammunition and Explosives for Civilian Use (SUCAMEC), National Civil Police, Ministry of Defence, Public Prosecutor’s Office, among others.
The seminar began with a contextualization of the convergence of the Arms Control agenda with the Women, Peace and Security agenda – promoted by UN Security Council Resolution 1325 – and the importance of analysing the impacts of armed violence from a gender perspective in order to understand the effects on men and women. At this point, emphasis was placed on the incidence of firearms not only in femicides, but also on the different types of violence against women, whether physical, sexual and/or psychological.
It was emphasized that the presence of a firearm in a context of gender violence should be considered a risk factor, not only because of its lethality, but also because of its use to threaten and subdue the victims, increasing their vulnerability.
UNLIREC also presented the main findings of the Normative Study on Peru, which addresses the necessary linkage between gender-based violence regulations and small arms regulation and control standards. Good practices from other countries in the region and some recommendations for consideration at the national level were also shared.
The seminar included a presentation by an official from SUCAMEC, who provided a national perspective on the subject. Official statistics on firearms licenses by sex, the conditions for obtaining or renewing a firearms license, including the absence of family violence sentences, and SUCAMEC’s contribution to the enforcement of Law 30364 “Law to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women and members of the family group” were shared. This, through the denial of gun permits of persons under protection measures issued by the justice system, as well as the denial of gun permits of aggressors, included in the Single Registry of Victims and Aggressors (RUVA) under the Public Prosecutor’s Office.
The seminar also joined the efforts of the “Valentine’s Day Gun Free” campaign led by the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA). The campaign was carried out from February 14 to March 8. Under the slogan “Guns do not belong in relationships”, the campaign seeks to raise awareness of the risks of having a gun in the home, violence committed by intimate partners, and the need to promote more effective gun control laws to prevent violence against women, in this case, domestic or intra-family violence.
This webinar was made possible thanks to the support of the European Union through the global project: Support for gender mainstreaming in policies, programs and actions in the fight against trafficking and misuse of small arms, in line with the Women, Peace and Security agenda.
